Applied Chemistry

Course Objectives:

1. To understand the fuels and their uses.
2. To understand phase rule and its applications. Also, to understand the properties and industrial applications of polymers.
3. To understand the methods used to make pure water.
4. To understand the chemical aspects of corrosion and gain a basic understanding about the principles of Green Chemistry and Nano-chemistry.

Course Outcomes (CO):

• CO1 Ability to use fuels and perform energy conversion calculations.
• CO2 Understand the phase rule and its applications. Also, to understand the properties and industrial applications of polymers.
• CO3 Ability to analyse water and use technologies to purify it.
• CO4 Understand the chemical aspects of corrosion and its prevention. Also, to understand the basics of Green Chemistry and Nano-chemistry.

Unit I

Fuels: Classification and Characteristics of fuels, Calorific values, Comparison between solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, calorific values of fuels, determination of calorific values using Bomb calorimeter, Boy’s calorimeter, theoretical calculation of calorific value using Dulong formula and numericals of Calorific values. Types of fuels: - Solid: Coal, proximate and ultimate analysis of coal and numericals, carbonisation of coal in Otto-Hoffman oven with recovery of by-products, metallurgical coke; Liquid: Petroleum products --- refining, cracking-thermal and catalytic, knocking characteristics, Octane and Cetane rating; Gaseous: Natural Gas (NG), CNG, LPG, Coal gas, Oil gas, Producer gas, Water gas; Combustion of fuels numericals.

Unit II

Phase rule: Terms used in Gibb’s Phase rule, phase diagram and its applications for study of onecomponent systems: Water and Sulphur and two-component systems: Lead-Silver and Zinc-Magnesium. 

Polymers: Classification, functionality and their types; Plastics: Synthesis (reactions) and properties of Polyethylene Plastics (Addition polymers) ---low-density polyethene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene(HDPE), linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE); Vinyl Plastics (Condensation polymers) -Nylons, Phenol-formaldehyde resins(Bakelite) and Glyptal; Speciality Polymers: Engineering  thermoplastics, Conducting polymers, Electroluminescent polymers, liquid crystalline polymers and biodegradable polymers.

Unit III

Water: Introduction, water quality standards, physical, chemical and biological characteristics; hardness of water, disadvantages of hardness, determination of hardness (EDTA method) and related numerical questions. Alkalinity and its determination; Boiler problems with hard water and their prevention: Scale and sludge formation, boiler corrosion, caustic embrittlement, priming and foaming, boiler water treatment –internal or in-situ: carbonate and phosphate conditioning, colloidal and Calgon conditioning; external treatment: (a) Lime soda process and related numericals (b) Zeolite process and numericals, (c) Ion-exchange process. Municipal water supply – its treatment and disinfection using break -point chlorination. Desalination, Reverse Osmosis, Electrodialysis and defluoridation of water. 

Unit IV

Corrosion and its Control: Definition, effects, theory (mechanisms): dry/chemical, wet/electrochemical corrosion, Pilling-Bedworth ratio; Types of corrosion: Galvanic corrosion, Soil corrosion, Pitting corrosion, Concentration cell or Differential Aeration corrosion, Stress corrosion; Mechanism of rusting of iron, Passivity. Factors influencing corrosion; protective measures: galvanization, tinning, cathodic protection, sacrificial anodic protection; electroplating and prevention of corrosion through material selection and design. 

Green Technology and Green Chemistry:  Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry, Zero Waste Technology, Atom economy, Use of alternative feedstock, innocuous reagents, alternative solvents, designing alternative reaction methodology, minimising energy consumption. 

Nano Chemistry: Nanomaterials: Properties, synthesis and surface characterization techniques BET and TEM and applications.

Textbooks:

1. Applied Chemistry by Achyutananda Acharya and Biswajit Samantray, Pearson, 2017.
2. Engineering Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications by Shikha Agarwal, Cambridge University Press, 2019.

References:

1. Applied Chemistry: A Textbook of Engineers and Technologists by O. V. Roussk and H. D. Gesser, Springer, 2013.
2. Engineering Chemistry by Raghupati Mukhopadhyay and Sriparna Datta, New Age Int. (P0 Ltd., 2007.
3. Engineering Chemistry by K. Shesha Maheswaramma and Mridula Chugh, Pearson, 2017.
4. Basic Engineering Chemistry by S.S. Dara, A. K.Singh, and Abhilasha Asthana, S. Cand and Co., 2012.
5. Engineering Chemistry by K. N. Jayaveera, G.V. Subba Reddy, and C. Ramachandraiah, McGraw Hill, 2016.
6. Engineering Chemistry by O. G. Palanna, McGraw-Hill, 2017.
7. Textbook of Engineering Chemistry by Jaya Shree Anireddy, Wiley, 2017.
8. Engineering Chemistry byE.R. Nagarajan and S. Ramalingam, Wiley, 2017.