Applied Physics – I

Course Objectives:

1. To understand thermodynamic principles.
2. To understand and model oscillations and waves.
3. To understand and model interference, diffraction and polarization phenomenon.
4. To understand and appreciate relativistic systems and Lasers.

Course Outcomes (CO):

• CO1 Ability to apply thermodynamic principles to solution of engineering problems.
• CO2 Ability to understand and model oscillations and waves.
• CO3 Ability to understand and model interference, diffraction and polarization phenomenon.
• CO4 Ability to understand and appreciate relativistic systems and Lasers.

Unit I

Introduction to Thermodynamics: Fundamental Ideas of Thermodynamics, The Continuum Model,The Concept of a “System’”, “State”, “Equilibrium”, “Process’”. Equations of state, Heat, Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, Work, first and second laws of thermodynamics, entropy.

Unit II

Waves and Oscillations: Wave motion, simple harmonic motion, wave equation, superposition principle. Introduction to Electromagnetic Theory: Maxwell’s equations. work done by the electromagnetic field, Poynting’s theorem, Momentum, Angular momentum in electromagnetic fields, Electromagnetic waves: the wave equation, plane electromagnetic waves, energy carried by electromagnetic waves.

Unit III

Interference: Interference by division of wave front (Young's double slit experiment, Fresnel's biprism), interference by division of amplitude (thin films, Newton's rings, Michelson's interferometer), Coherence and coherent sources Diffraction: Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction; Fraunhofer diffraction for Single slit, double slit, and N-slit (diffraction grating), Fraunhofer diffraction from a circular aperture, resolving power and dispersive power of a grating, Rayleigh criterion, resolving power of optical instruments Polarization: Introduction to polarization, Brewster’s law, Malu's law, Nicol prism, double refraction, quarter-wave and half-wave plates, optical activity, specific rotation, Laurent half shade polarimeter.

Unit IV

Theory of relativity: The Michelson-Morley Experiment and the speed of light; Absolute and Inertial frames of reference, Galilean transformations, the postulates of the special theory of relativity, Lorentz transformations, time dilation, length contraction, velocity addition, mass energy equivalence. Invariance of Maxwell’s equations under Lorentz Transformation.

Introduction to Laser Physics: Introduction, coherence, Einstein A and B coefficients, population inversion, basic principle and operation of a laser, the He-Ne laser and the Ruby laser.

Textbooks:

1. Concepts of Modern Physics (SIE)by Arthur Beiser, Shobhit Mahajan, and S. Rai Choudhury, McGraw-Hill, 2017.
2. Physics for Scientists and Engineers by Raymond A. Serway and John W. Jewett, 9th Edition , Cengage, 2017.
   

References:

1. Modern Physics by Kenneth S. Krane, Wiley, 2020.
2. Principles of Physics by Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker and David Halliday, Wiley, 2015.
3. Optics by Ajoy Ghatak, McGraw Hill, 2020.